Chapter 10: Learning and Development

1. Learning to 'look busy' every time the boss walks past to avoid being shouted at is an example of:

operant conditioning classical conditioning social learning Pavlovian conditioning

2. In behaviour modelling training, a negative model is:

a demonstrator who is pessimistic about learning a demonstration of undesirable behaviours a way of providing negative feedback to learners as they practise the skills confusing to learners who are trying to learn complex behaviours but helpful when learning simple technical skills

3. Kolb (1984) argues that learning is best viewed as:

the achievement of a specific set of outcomes a passive process that takes place internally within the learner a process that is distinct from our experiences a continuous process grounded in experiences

4. Why can it be difficult to develop critical reflective skills?

the skills are too abstract for anyone to teach them properly critical reflection can be disruptive because it highlights flaws so many people wish to avoid it the skills are of no use in the real workplace professional bodies do not value critical reflective skills, so people are not motivated to learn them

5. The most effective type of practice for learning simple tasks is:

spaced practice with short rest periods spaced practice with long rest periods massed practice single, lengthy practice period directly after the training session

6. Which of the following is an example of far learning transfer in the functional context?

learning logical thinking skills while studying maths and using those skills to solve a problem in a business studies course learning how to use Excel on a university course and then applying those skills to setting up a budget spreadsheet for a project at work learning how to transfer calls on a colleague's office phone and then applying it on your own office phone learning how to manage priorities in a team and then applying the skills to manage your personal priorities

7. An end of term exam assesses training effectiveness at which level of the Kirkpatrick model of evaluation?

reaction learning behaviour results

8. Internalization is the process of converting ____________ knowledge to ____________ knowledge.

explicit, explicit tacit, tacit tacit, explicit explicit, tacit

9. One of the difficulties with double-loop learning is:

organizations using double-loop learning tend to be less adaptable to the environment it leads to less innovative solutions than single-loop learning raising questions about the organization’s routines often goes against the cultural norms it restricts to certain parameters the action that can be taken

10. Which of the following is NOT one of the characteristics of a learning organization?

efficient transfer of new knowledge throughout the organization requirement for employees to undertake postgraduate university courses systematic problem-solving willingness to experiment with new approaches

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